The Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory - 1377 Words

In the beginning of mankind, religion was the centerpiece that cultures revolved their lives around. Such an important aspect in the development of mankind has caused much chaos and turmoil, as well as some of the most thought provoking theories and ideas from some of the greatest philosophers. One of those theories is the Divine Command theory. The Divine Command theory tries to explain the relation between God and what is morally correct and there have been many philosophers who have taken very opposing views on the theory in order to determine of society should accept this theory. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Divine Command theory is â€Å"the view that morality is somehow dependent upon God, and the moral obligation†¦show more content†¦In other words, the reason why we should do X is the sheer fact that God commanded us to do X. The reason why principle P is a valid moral standard is that God has commanded P.† (103) This is everything the theory stands for. God commands that killing people is immoral. Therefore, because God commanded it, no one should kill anyone because it would be wrong. Another claim in the defense of the Divine Command theory, that differs slightly, comes from St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Thomas Aquinas was a philosopher and theologian. He would often combine theological principles of faith and apply it to principles of reason, making him one of the most influential thinkers. He was also one of the defenders of the Divine Command theory. (http://www.biography.com/people/st-thomas-aquinas-9187231) His theory, which The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory refers to as the Divine Index version, still says that what God commands is morally correct but â€Å"his commanding us to do X is not what makes X the morally right thing to do† (103). Meaning, that when God commands that killing others is the morally wrong thing to do, it is because it is actually the wrong thing to do. He knows the â€Å"true standards of morality† because he is â€Å"a supremely perfect being, with unlimited knowledge and benevolence†. (103) Unlike in the Moral Ground version of Divine Command Theory God’s command does not establish what is right and wrong. His

The Reason I Chose Alzheimer s Disease - 1617 Words

The reason I chose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as my Case Study is because it is very personal to me. My Mother-in-law, Marcia, was diagnosed with beginning stages of AD 5 years ago. We believe she went undiagnosed for a couple years before that. AD is a family disease that has a huge impact on an entire family. A year ago we moved in with my in-laws to help care for not only Marcia, but my father-in-law, Larry. Larry was Marcia’s sole caregiver and we noticed over the last couple of years taking care of her full-time was taking a huge toll on him and as family, we needed to be there to help care for them both. The beginning stages of AD for Marcia included difficulty remembering names of people, struggling to find words, confusion and depression. At 70 years old it was difficult to determine if these were just signs of aging, or actually AD. That’s when she went to the Doctor and was diagnosed by the limited testing that is available as beginning stages of AD. This stage was very difficult for Marcia as she was aware that she had AD, understood what that meant and was terrified. Accepting the disease was extremely difficult for her as she struggled with emotions of embarrassment, shame and depression. Over the past couple of years the disease has progressed not only mentally, but physically. Simple tasks such as showering, dressing, doing her hair, etc. is increasingly difficult as she gets confused very easily and becomes frustrated, weepy and/or angry. She hasShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe disease stem cells could fix is called Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The reason I chose this topic is because I have seen first hand how badly someone who suffers from Alzheimer’s Disease is affected in their daily lives. This disease completely takes over their lives and they turn into a completely different person who can hardly function. AD is very tough on the loved ones of the person suffering from it because that person, most of the time has no idea what is going on or who their loved onesRead MoreGreat Power, Great Responsibility1390 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Power, Great Responsibility Chances are you have or know someone that has a family member suffering from Alzheimer s disease. It’s effects are heartbreaking and awful for all involved, but what if Alzheimer s disappeared from the world? Due to recent technological innovations, gene editing could soon be used to cure genetic diseases like Alzheimer s. In the film Jurassic Park the character Dr. Ian Malcolm said â€Å"... scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could that theyRead MoreBriefly Present The Aim Of The Article Or Book Chapter1230 Words   |  5 Pages Briefly present the aim of the article or book chapter and summarize the main findings/key points, along with a limited number of examples. The article that I chose relates to sundownng and tips that can be used to reduce it from the Mayo Clinic Website. Sundowning occurs with dementia patients and can cause a variety of issues and behaviors such as confusion, wandering, and aggression to name a few examples. In addition, there were many articles on this subject and from looking at several ofRead MoreChildhood Testing For Late Onset Genetic Diseases1634 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout her book, Genetic Dilemmas, is her argument against childhood testing for late-onset genetic diseases. She also discussed how parental knowledge of the results violates the child’s right to an open future and can strain the relationship between parent and child. Yet, Dena Davis has been criticized for these claims in many publications, including a popular article by Mary Ann Sevick. In this paper, I will argue that children should not be forced to know their fate and show that the critics areRead MoreMy Family Of The Dominican R epublic1844 Words   |  8 PagesThere I was, getting off the airplane in the Dominican Republic, anxious to visit my family especially my grandfather due to the fact that I had not seen him for about three years. On our way to his house I was so exited. I was 12 at the time. Once we got to his house, I saw him and went to give him a hug but the problem was the plain look that he had on his face once he saw me as if he did not recognize me. I thought to myself maybe he is sick, but then that can not be possible because he recognizedRead MoreMental Disorders And The Medical Field1206 Words   |  5 PagesAt an early age, I frequently thought of becoming a lawyer or a doctor. It wasn’t until I reached middle school that I realized the medical field is where I want to thrive. At first, I wasn’t sure what part in the medical field I wanted to constitute to. My thoughts would jump from being a general surgeon to an ENT to a pediatrician. I even had thoughts of becoming a therapist or psychologist. Coincidentally, in the seventh grade, I was watching a T.V. show called Black Box. The main character wasRead MoreEssay on A Cure for Alzheimers1614 Words   |  7 PagesA Cure for Alzheimers In February of 2000, I lost my grandmother to Alzheimers disease. She was diagnosed with the disease just less than two years prior to her death. Throughout that time, I watched changes in my grandmother that made her seem like an entirely different woman to me. She gradually began losing her short-term memory and we began to see signs of her long-term memory degrading too. It began to get harder and harder to take her out into public without being afraid ofRead MoreUtilitarian And Deontological View Of Ethics1313 Words   |  6 PagesFor this module 3 SLP, I will be discussing a moral issue in my workplace that I have actually seen myself. Apart from describing the various details of the issue, I will provide my position on the matter, as well as my reasoning for it. I will also that the considerations of this issue, and explore how it is that they relate to the utilitarian and deontological view of ethics. In doing so will cover who will be hurt, who will be benefitted, wh o’s rights are involved, who has special duties pertainingRead MoreStages Of Alzheimer s Disease Genetics1201 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction – Attention A. This is a picture of my grandparents, they lived very happy and exciting lives. But, after their retirement something changed with my grandmother- she was unable to recognize the face of her husband, whom she had met when she was only 16 years old. 1. Both my father’s mother, with early onset (which can begin at age 30) and his father, with late onset passed away with Alzheimer’s disease. 2. There is genetic testing to determine if someone carries the gene (AlzheimerRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers: A Look into the Disease1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinto the Disease Background problem Despite being known for over one hundred years the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still not completely understood. This terminal disease affects about 800,000 people in the UK and is expected to greatly increase in number of cases in the coming years. AD has proven to be an elusive disease to understand; yet it is more important than ever to continue researching AD in attempt to find a cure for the many people and family members that this disease affects

What Qualities Will You Ook for in Your Future Husband or Wife Free Essays

I am still studying but pretty soon I will be earning a living and thinking of getting married. Most people marry for love but all too often marriages break up because they have chosen unsuitable partners. It is therefore important for me to choose my future husband carefully as I want my marriage to be happy and to last. We will write a custom essay sample on What Qualities Will You Ook for in Your Future Husband or Wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now I realise my own imperfections and know that any romantic notions of marrying Mr World is out. Besides, physical perfection is no guarantee for inner beauty and mental strength which are more essential. Of course, I want my husband to be good-looking but he must be gregarious, with a pleasant personality and an ability to mix with everyone easily. He must be well-educated, at least up to degree. He must also be caring and be able to think independently. Some women like a submissive husband but I would like mine to stand up for his own point of view if he feels I am wrong. This, I think, would make for more exciting interaction and a meaningful relationship. Nevertheless, there must be some common ground. I love reading and have a wry sense of humour that few Malaysians appreciate. I therefore want a husband who has a good sense of humour and enjoys a good book, too. What intellectual discussion we could have, dissecting the short stories of Guy de Maupassant or admiring the glory and grandeur of Tolkien’s Middle Earth. Read also: â€Å"My Ideal Wife† How to cite What Qualities Will You Ook for in Your Future Husband or Wife, Essay examples

Nigerian Television Authority Management Accounting And Finance

Question: 1) Assess the budgeting process and procedures for the organisation with regards to preparation techniques, uses for evaluation, differences between business units/divisions, etc. 2) Analyse how the organisation collects, stores, and prepares management accounting information, particularly the use of a management accounting system (MAS) and how information is disseminated throughout the organisation. 3) Evaluate the costing process and procedures of the organisation with respect to method or approach utilised. 4) Assess the capital decision making process within the organisation with regards to what methods are utilised, how such methods are chosen, how projects are selected and managed, and what measures are employed to evaluate performance. 5) Evaluate the criteria or mechanisms used by the organisation for deciding how best to acquire capital and analyse the capital structure of the company. A) Brief description of company B) Description of firm's budgeting process C) Management accounting information system D) Costing process E) Capital decisions F) Capital acquisition and structure G) Conclusion Answer: Brief Description of the company Nigerian Television Authority is a television broadcasting company. It claims to run the biggest television network in Nigeria. The company has stations in several regions in Nigeria. Presently, the company is known as Nigerian Television NTV (Nta.ng, 2014). The company had started in the year 1977. The television company has been widely viewed as an authentic voice of the Government of Nigeria. An editorial posted in Guardian on October 18th, 2009 stated that it is one of the largest television companies in Nigeria (Broadcasting In Nigeria: Unlocking The Airwaves, 2001). The company lacks operational freedom in order to maximize their potential. Prior to mid 1990s the company was a monopoly in Nigeria. But with the establishment of privately owned television stations and networks i.e. African Independent Television, the company received competition and they had to revise their content. The programs of NTA can be viewed online via the Africast as well as they can be viewed in TelAfri c television (US and Canada). The news bulletin of NTA is aired frequently on the African Independent Television and the Ben Television based in United Kingdom. The organization is inventing strategies to reposition NTA for better delivery of service so that it can bring innovation in the area of presenting news and programs. Apart from being one of the largest media and broadcasting network in Nigeria, NTA creates opportunities of employment in the economic situation in Nigeria. The decline in the purchasing power of the Nigerians has adversely affected the television usage (Placng.org, 2015). The report discusses the management accounting strategies applied by NTA. The process of budgeting, management accounting information system, process of costing , capital decision making process and the capital acquisition process and capital structure has been discussed. Budgeting process The National Broadcasting Commission controls the broadcasting and media operations of the country. It is responsible for receiving, processing the applications, broadcasting using direct satellite and other medium of broadcasting. It regulates the broadcasting industry. The budgeting process of Nigerian Television Authority includes budgetary allocation that has been made by the Commission in the annual budget of the company (Cislacnigeria.net, 2007). The sources of revenue for the Nigerian Government are internal and external in nature. The internal sources of revenue comprises of the fines, taxes, rates and fees. But the Nigerian Government mostly depends on the allocation grant from the Federal Government for its survival. The budgetary cycle is a lengthy procedure. It should be made more proactive and responsive in nature. The process of budgeting involves analysis and monitoring tracking and evaluating the allocation of the resources. Zero based budgeting process is followed by the organization. This approach is based on planning and decision making that is different from traditional form of budgeting. The zero-based budgeting requires re-evaluation of the budget. The process of budgeting is independent in nature and the specific items in the budget are either increasing or decreasing. This process of budgeting has resulted in efficient allocation of the resources which is based on the need and benefits rather than the history. It is important for the organization to prepare the sales budget in advance in order to review the profitability of the company for the particular year (Iyagba Anyanwu, 2012). The breakeven point is calculated on the basis of the budget. The latest financial reports of the company are continuously scrutinized and analysis is done to ensure that the company is able to attain the break even. The budget is prepared with the purpose of meeting the short term objective. The approach of budgeting is authoritarian in nature. The company suffers from dilemma if its profit target is not met. The financial position of NTA can be understood deeply with the understanding of the budget of the company. The process of budgeting for NTA depends on the funds allocated to the local government. The local government will allocate money for NTA on the basis of the funds arranged by the Government. It is can be said that NTA can apply the lean approach of accounting. This approach of accounting will simplify the financial reports and it will highlight the areas that require attention. In order to facilitate the approach, training has to be provided to the managers responsible for preparing the budget (Adeyanju Okwori, 2015). The budget can be a monthly flexible form of budget (Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002). This will maximize the operational efficiency which is required for fine tune decision making of the organization. The sales figure has to be monitored on a regular basis to identify the future profitability of the organi zation. If the predicted sales are not materialized, it will result in decline in the financial performance of the company (Shah, 2007). In such cases the government has to provide additional financial assistance to the company so that it can revive from its financial position (Mccue, 1999). Management accounting information system The management accounting information system helps the organization in streamlining the various accounting process of the organization. The organization can monitor its cost and expenses by using MIS. Management accounting information system is used by NTA to store and process the financial and accounting data of the organization. The accounting system is a computer based system which is used to track the accounting activity of the organization. The management accounting information system is used to prepare the statistical reports that can be used internally by the management for the purpose of decision making. NTA uses the management accounting information system for external usage for the investors, creditors and the tax authorities. The managers at NTA uses the top down approach so that the cost can be kept at minimum. The information at the managerial level is not shared with other divisional managers. Excel is used for the preparation of the financial statements. The financial accounting information is used to monitor cash flow, creditors, debtors and preparation of general ledger. The data prepared by the accounting information system is distributed throughout the entire organization. Excel is used to prepare the budget and calculate the profit and loss of the organization. The accounting information will help to provide the data to the users of the organization. The confidential information is available only to the CEO and financial manager of the organization. The costs are generally controlled by the top management of the organization. They are responsible for controlling the expenses and the revenue of the organization for each department. The employees are trained on a regular basis to monitor the accounting information system. The broadcasting department is responsible for monitoring the costs and revenue on a regular basis. NTA can use the lean approach of accounting. This will aid the manager of the company to take decisions appropriately that will be helpful for creation of value to the customers. The managers have to work in collaboration for the success of the MAIS system. Improvement of the systems will improve the productivity and lead to reduction of the costs. This will enhance the flexibility. The transparency of the organization should increase so that the major information is available to the share holders. The managers should utilize the resources efficiently. The wastage of resources could be avoided by efficient planning and use of accounting information system. This will provide access to the entire financial information. The cost savings would increase the profit margin of the company and the sales can increase by efficient planning process. There are certain drawbacks to the implementation process. It is considered as a process which is time consuming. In the lean approach, the number o f reports prepared is more so the time consumption is more. It is one of the traditional forms of accounting that is used by the accountants to produce the information periodically. The accounting information system is used to reduce the time period of work and increase the efficiency of the organization (Ibraheem Diso, 2005). Costing process The broadcasting industry of Nigeria is currently undergoing revolution. The broadcasting industry uses the digital technology. The technological innovation in the form of digitization has changed the scope of the television and radio industry in Nigeria. The method of costing applied by the Nigerian Television Authority is absorption costing method. The method is applied for the calculation of cost across various departments of the organization (Innes, Mitchell Sinclair, 2000). There are various slots for the programs to be forecasted on the television. If one of the slots remains unsold then it is considered as wastage of money. Costing method is applied to the time slots (Agboli Christian Ukaegbu, 2006). There are fixed costs and variable costs for calculation of the costs of the slots. The apportionment is done on an equal basis. The apportionment does not depend on the staff number, the amount of space that has been utilized or the variable costs that are related to the divisi ons (McGowan, Holmes Martin, n.d.). The cost incurred by the organization bears direct correlation with the pricing of the advertisements. This is done by calculating the breakeven point. It is calculated by the organization so that they can calculate the revenue generated by selling the news (Falodun Ajewole, 2006). The focus of activity based costing is on the cost drivers. The activity based costing identifies the costs that have increased (van Triest Fathy Elshahat, 2007). The traditional form of activity based costing used to focus on the drivers that are volume based which includes the number of labor hours while the new approach of activity based costing uses the transaction based drivers. The costing of each slot is done using activity based costing in NTA (Adediji, Ajewole Falodun, 2011). The activity based costing method is an accurate method of costing that lead to decisions of pricing that are more accurate than other forms of costing technique. The understanding of overhead costs and the cost drivers increases (Atkinson Cornwell, 2011). NTA uses the activity based costing method so that it can monitor the operating costs so that the overhead costs can be avoided. The performance of the management can be monitored for the improvement of the operational process of the organization. The activity based costing approach apportions the various costs equally. This will help to identify the areas which results in loss of NTA. Since the media industry is a labor intensive industry with high cost of overhead it is suitable for the organization to use the activity based method of costing. This will assist the organization in the process of decision making and reduce the cost of the organization.NTA will be able to identify the news that is not generating any profit for the organization. The news which is not generating any profit can be either modified or they can be stopped permanently. This will reduce the expenditure of the organization by controlling the operation costs. The activity based costing method has helped NTA to identify the areas which are creating loss for the organization so that the resources can be managed in an efficient manner. Capital decisions Digitization has been the current trend in the broadcasting industry in Nigeria. The entire broadcasting industry in Nigeria is getting digitized (Guilding, 2003). Thus the capital decisions at NTA are based on digitization of the broadcasting stations. The capital decisions of NTA are based on making investments in digitization. The migration of the Nigerian media to the digital broadcasting is considered as a mirage (Smith, 2012). The digital television signals are more clear and strong. The audio and the video output are much stronger. NTA has embarked on this process of digitization by the installation of the transmitting equipment throughout the country. The installation of the digital media is imperative as without its installation the customers will not be able to receive the signals of television and they will not be able to view the news broadcasted in the NTA channel. The cost of the transmission equipment is high. The increase in the cost of the company has been calculated using capital budgeting techniques. While analyzing the investment decision, the depreciation and rate of interest are calculated. The capital budgeting process has helped to identify the profit and the risk from the investment. This method can be considered as a good appraisal method. The organization can implement strategies to minimize the risks from investment (Bierman Smidt, 2012). With the change in the rate of interest by the Government there will be change in the investment decision by NTA. NTA can use the methods of capital budgeting like NPV, Payback period, IRR to calculate the risk and gain from the investment. This will increase the feasibility of an investment decision. The calculation from NPV will help to avoid a very costly mistake. The risk of making huge loss in a certain investment can be easily avoided by NTA. NTA will be able to take decisions on loan and other investment decisions using the methods of capital budgeting. The method of capital budgeting can be used to analyze the investment decisions. It will help to choose the investment option which is most feasible. The company can generate profits by investment in the transmission equipments that will result in profitability of the organization. NTA will be able to compete with other organizations using digital technology. This will increase the efficiency of the organization. The viewers will be able to view the channel using digital technology. The various slots of the shows of the company will genera te enormous profit. Capital acquisition and Capital structure Nigerian Television Authority has undergone several merger and acquisition to improve the financial position of the company. With the establishment of the NBC (Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation) , the television media was under the scrutiny of the broadcasting corporation. In the year 1977, the state run television broadcasters had merged itself with the rebranded name known as Nigerian Television. At the present context NTV is owned by the Nigerian Television Authority. NTA has opened several branches and network centers in the country. The channel receives funding from the government. The Government arranges funds from the banks and other investors (Haynes, 2000). They invest in the broadcasting channel. The Government has spent lump sum amount for the digitization of the broadcasting media. The competition in the broad casting business is increasing with the privatization of the industry. There is entry of competitors of the company which has affected the sale of the shows shown a t specific time slots. In such as situation aid from the Government is essential to promote the business. The growth of the business will improve the financial position of the company (Adesokan, 2009). It can invest in new projects. For this purpose NTA has entered in to merger and acquisition to increase its business. The proportion of debt and equity in the business defines the capital structure of a company. NTA is a run by the State Government of Nigeria. The owner of the company is the Federal Government. There are generally two forms of capital which is the equity capital and the debt capital. Except for the organizations that are funded by the Government, the company can make choices of their capital structure. In case of Government organizations, the managers can decide whether to increase the proportion of debt or equity of the organization. The profitability of an organization is based on the capital structure and the allocation of the costs of the business. NTA is a Government funded organization. The Government is dependent on funds from the investors for making the investment decisions (Oyeleye, 2004). Sourcing cash may be finished an assortment of reasons. Conventional territories of need may be for capital resource securing - new hardware or the development of another building or station. The improvement of new items can be hugely exorbitant and here again capital may be needed. Regularly, such improvements are financed inside, though capital for the obtaining of apparatus may originate from outside sources. In this day and time of tight liquidity, numerous associations need to search for fleeting capital in the method for overdraft or advances with a specific end goal to give an income pad. Investment rates can differ from association to association furthermore as per purpose. Ordinary shares are issued to the holders of an organization. The business estimation of a cited organization's shares bears no relationship to their ostensible quality, with the exception of that when customary shares are issued for money, the issue value must be equivalent to or be more than the ostensib le estimation of the shares. A rights issue gives a method for raising new impart capital by method for an offer to existing shareholders, welcoming them to subscribe trade for new experience for cold hard currency extent to their current possessions (Bernardo, Cai Luo, n.d.). An organization making a rights issue must set a value which is low to such a degree as to secure the acknowledgement of shareholders, who are being asked to give additional stores, yet not very low, to keep away from unreasonable weakening of the income every share. Preference shares have an altered rate profit before any profit is paid to the customary shareholders Conclusion: NTA is Media Company in Nigeria run by the Government. The media company is run by the Government. The implications of the finances i.e. the proportion of debt and equity are arranged by the Government. The Government arranges funds from various sources which include the issuing of ordinary and preference shares and rights issue. NTA was running as a monopoly organization till the introduction of privatization in the media sector. The private media companies have increased the competition of the organization. There has been considerable rise in the pressure on NTA to maintain the standards. The company has to undertake certain investment decisions to increase the profit margin. Digitization has captured the market of the media sector in Nigeria. Thus it is important for NTA to innovate themselves towards the path of digitization. The digital media has simplified the process of working of the organization. The audio and visual media is available to the public in a much polished manner . Thus it has been imperative for the organization to invest lump sum of money for the process of digitization. This has increased the profit of the company. The shows shown in particular time slots are becoming popular. NTA has used activity based costing to calculate the costs and expenses. References: Adediji, A., Ajewole, M., Falodun, S. (2011). Distribution of radio refractivity gradient and effective earth radius factor (k-factor) over Akure, South Western Nigeria.Journal Of Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Physics,73(16), 2300-2304. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.06.017 Adesokan, A. (2009). Practising 'Democracy' in Nigerian Films.African Affairs,108(433), 599-619. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp044 Adeyanju, A., Okwori, D. (2015).Nigeria Research findings and conclusions(1st ed., pp. 2-30). Retrieved from https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/AMDI/NIG_AMDI_Report.pdf Agboli, M., Christian Ukaegbu, C. (2006). Business environment and entrepreneurial activity in Nigeria: implications for industrial development.The Journal Of Modern African Studies,44(01), 1. doi:10.1017/s0022278x05001394 Atkinson, S., Cornwell, C. (2011). Estimation of Allocative Inefficiency and Productivity Growth with Dynamic Adjustment Costs.Econometric Reviews,30(3), 337-357. doi:10.1080/07474930903451581 Bernardo, A., Cai, H., Luo, J. Capital Budgeting and Compensation with Asymmetric Information and Moral Hazard.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.242690 Bierman, J., Smidt, S. (2012).The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Broadcasting In Nigeria: Unlocking The Airwaves. (2001) (1st ed., pp. 8-50). Retrieved from https://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/nigeria-broadcasting-in-nigeria.pdf Cislacnigeria.net,. (2007).THE LEGISLATURE AND BUDGET PROCESS IN NIGERIA | Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from https://www.cislacnigeria.net/2007/04/the-legislature-and-budget-process-in-nigeria/ Falodun, S., Ajewole, M. (2006). Radio refractive index in the lowest 100-m layer of the troposphere in Akure, South Western Nigeria.Journal Of Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Physics,68(2), 236-243. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.002 Guilding, C. (2003). Hotel owner/operator structures: implications for capital budgeting process.Management Accounting Research,14(3), 179-199. doi:10.1016/s1044-5005(03)00049-0 Haynes, J. (2000).Nigerian video films. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. Ibraheem Diso, L. (2005). Information production, transfer, and delivery: Mass information work and television Journalists dilemma in Nigeria.The International Information Library Review,37(4), 285-294. doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2005.08.003 Innes, J., Mitchell, F., Sinclair, D. (2000). Activity-based costing in the U.K.s largest companies: a comparison of 1994 and 1999 survey results.Management Accounting Research,11(3), 349-362. doi:10.1006/mare.2000.0135 Iyagba, A., Anyanwu, S. (2012). Problems and prospects of cassava production in Rivers State, Nigeria: A case study of Oyigbo local government area.Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America,3(7), 296-301. doi:10.5251/abjna.2012.3.7.296.301 Mccue, C. (1999).Local Government Budgeting. ABC-CLIO. McGowan, A., Holmes, S., Martin, M. The Association Between Activity-Based Costing System Adoption and Hospital Performance.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.921471 Nta.ng,. (2014).Management Board | NTA. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from https://www.nta.ng/management-board-2/ Oyeleye, A. (2004). The Mediation of Politicians and the Political Process in Nigeria.Parliamentary Affairs,57(1), 157-168. doi:10.1093/pa/gsh013 Placng.org,. (2015).PLAC - Laws of Nigeria. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from https://www.placng.org/new/laws_of_nigeria3.php?sn=392 Shah, A. (2007).Local budgeting. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Smith, D. (2012). Symbiosis: twenty years after how things have changed an introduction to the proceedings of the seventh International Symbiosis Congress.Symbiosis,58(1-3), 1-2. doi:10.1007/s13199-012-0201-3 van Triest, S., Fathy Elshahat, M. (2007). The use of costing information in Egypt: a research note.J Acc Organizational Change,3(3), 329-343. doi:10.1108/18325910710820328 Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,. (2002).Government Budgeting: Theory, Process, and Politics 2002(pp. 100-600).

Page And Plant free essay sample

In April, five kids and I went to Boston Garden to see the Page and Plant concert. As we rode the train, we discussed how good we thought they would be. Basically everyone was going to the concert with high expectations. Jimmy Page and Robert Plant did not let us down. They exceeded mine and everyones expectations. We got to the concert early and waited through the opening band, Rusted Root. Before Page and Plant went on, they lit up the stage with huge lights that projected rainbows all around the stadium. When Page and Plant started playing, we were speechless. During the first song (which I cant even remember the name of), we just stood in awe. The second song, Ramble On, snapped us out of our daze and we started to sing along with the 20,000 people there. Page and Plant got the crowd into the concert with songs like Gallows Pole, The Song Remains the Same and Black Dog. We will write a custom essay sample on Page And Plant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One high point was when Page and Plant went from The Song Remains The Same right into an energized version of the Doors Break on Through and then without stopping into Dazed and Confused. Page and Plant amazed the audience with the variety of music they played. They played heavier songs like Ramble On and Black Dog to their more blues-oriented songs like Since Ive Been Loving You. They kept audience on their feet, wondering what would be next. For their last song Page and Plant played Kashmir accompanied by an orchestra; this was the best version of Kashmir I have ever heard. The music from the orchestra and from Jimmy Pages guitar sent shivers down my spine. We left the concert with Kashmir in our heads and we still havent gotten over how moving it was. One main thing that stood out about this concert was the range of ages of the audience. We saw people from seven to at least 50 or 60 years old. One thing I thought about was where could you find people 50 to 20 to 10 all at the same place for the same reason, having a good time together

Statistics Coursework Essays

Statistics Coursework Essays Statistics Coursework Essay Statistics Coursework Essay I have been asked to examine the students attendance figures from all year groups (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) at Hamilton Community College. I will be investigating whether the age of the students affects their attendance figures at school and does it affect their learning and exam results as well? To start my research, I was given the attendance figures by the school for all of the year groups for the 2003 2004 academic years. I will then start to process data (attendance figures) firstly by reducing the amount of data that I will have to process using the method of stratified sampling. By using stratified sampling I will then only use a fair amount of data according to the percentage that Im comfortable with. I will only be using 20% of the attendance figures from each year. A scientific calculator is used, to randomly select attendance figures that I am going to use, so that the new set of statistics isnt bias and isnt affected by my conscious decision. Using the new set of data, I will collate the data in frequency tables (to display all of the frequency distributions), in order to enable easy interpretation and analysis. Secondly, after collating the data, I will then display the new set of data in forms of graphs/diagrams and charts so that it will be easier for me to compare and study the figures. From these graphs/diagrams and charts, I will calculate the central tendency for all the year groups (mean, median) and also the dispersion of each year group by calculating the quartiles (upper quartile, lower quartile and interquartile range) which will also ensures that the figures that I am going to process and compare are only the true average (middle 50% of the data). It is vital for me to choose the most appropriate graphs/diagrams or charts to display the datas properties effectively and clearly. Graphs like the normal distribution curves are ever so important in these type of investigation especially because the graph itself summarise so many vital information such as the Thirdly, I will then analyse all of the results that I will get from the calculations and evaluate it against my hypothesis. I will analyse all of the data in a more depth by doing standard deviation and Spearmans rank correlation coefficient that will allow me to compare and analyse the data properties using different methods. Finally, I will then come to a conclusion stating whether the age does or does not affect the attendance of the students and their learning at school. Hypothesis Does the age of the students affect their attendance at school? There is a probability that there is a small relationship between the age of the students and their attendance figures at school or there is no relationship at all. However, the students appreciation of the importance of their attendance figures does and this is why (in my opinion) the attendance figures vary between students. Nevertheless, the students that are within their exam years should have a much higher attendance percentage than those who dont. In my opinion, age does not affect the attendance of the students at all. I think the attendance figures of the students at Hamilton totally depends on the students environment and maturity in terms of their understanding of the importance of their attendance figures at school (e.g. for future reference when their career year approaches). However, even though it seems like the Year 11 GCSE students tend to come to school much more often or supposed to attend school everyday than the Year 7s, to me, this doesnt have any relations with age at all. Just because the student is a Year 7 pupil, that doesnt mean that their attendance figures are going to be really low. This also applies for the GCSE students (Year 10s and 11s); just because the student is taking their GCSE it doesnt mean that their attendance is going to be a full 100% (even though it should be like that). A Year 7 pupil could have a 100% attendance figure just like a Year 11 student and it doesnt have to relate to age at a ll. A 6, 10, 12 and even 15-year-old students can still have a stunning 100% attendance figures at school just by having that one important reason of why they have to come to school everyday (and again it might not have anything to do with age at all). So, I do not believe that the age of the students affect the attendance at school. Does attendance affect the students learning and their exam results? There is a relationship between the attendance of the students and their exams results. Students who comes to school often or everyday, to learn, tend to improve and have much better exam results than those who dont. I believe that the attendance of a student does affect their exam results. For students who come to school everyday learns more than the students who dont attend regularly. Therefore, more education equals better exam results. But, there are some students, who do not come to school as often as they should but still get good results (naturally clever as people would say it). This is true and I agree. However, I think these extraordinary students must have another form or way of learning when not at school (the student might be an independent learner for example). But for those who are not an independent learner and still get wonderful exam results, they might concentrate hard in lessons when they are actually in school and absorbs everything that they learn. So, basically overall, I think the attendance of the students does affect their learning and exams results. Plan 1. In order for me to investigate this problem, I was given a secondary type of data of the attendance of all the students in Hamilton Community College in the 2003 2004 academic years from Year 7s to Year 11s. It would be unreasonable and difficult for me to use all of the data given, as it will consume a lot of time during the calculation process. Because of this Ive decided to use the stratified sampling method to handle the vast amount of data. This way, it does not only reduce the amount of time for me to process the data, it also reduces its quantity. The attendance figures of all of the students will be divided according to the year groups they belong to in ascending order (0% 100%). I will then label them from 1 to how many attendance figures there are in the year group (1, 2, 3267). By using a scientific calculator, I will use the RANDOM button to randomly select 20% of the total attendance figures in the particular year. This way, the new set of data will not only be much smaller, but also ensures that I have a fair proportion of responses from each year and it is not bias as it is done without my conscious decision. 2. The new stratified data will then be investigated, compared and analysed with each other to see whether it matches with my hypothesis. Since that the data is a grouped, continuous data, below are the graphs/diagrams and charts that I will be using to display the data clearly: 2.1 Cumulative frequency polygons A cumulative frequency polygon shows the trend of growth of continuous data. It is also useful for estimating how much more or less there is than a certain amount. So, I will be able to estimate the averages much easier using these graphs rather than using tables. By using cumulative frequency polygons, I can also calculate the quartiles of the data, which will not only measure the spread of the data but also display the central 50% of the data (excluding the highest and lowest value interquartile range). This could be shown much evidently by using the box and whiskers diagram. 2.2 Box and whisker diagram The box and whisker diagram will be used to stress the quartiles and also to show its (shape) distribution whether it has a symmetrical distribution, negative skew or positive skew. It also shows the median of the data. Box and whiskers diagram can be easily compared with each other to see which year group have a stronger (higher) percentage of attendance during the academic year. 2.3 Histograms I am going to use histograms instead of bar charts is because the data Im using is a continuous grouped data. Histogram uses the area of the bars to represent the frequencies rather than the heights like normal bar charts. It may have equal or unequal intervals. A histogram with equal intervals is a frequency diagram (only the height of the bars vary), however, a histogram with unequal intervals, the area of each bar is proportional to the frequency of each class and the height of the bars are based on the frequency density. By using histograms, I am then able to see the shape of the distribution, whether it has a symmetrical distribution and positive or negative skew. 2.4 Standard deviation Standard deviation is the square root of a variance. Variance is a measure of spread that uses all of the data. By doing the standard deviation I am then able to see the Normal distribution for each year and also compare them with each other and see much more clearly which year group have a higher attendance figure. 2.5 Spearmans rank correlation coefficient The spearmans rank correlation coefficient is going to be used for the Year 9 attendance and their SATs results to see how they correlate with each other. This will prove whether attendance have an effect on their exam results or people who get good results are just naturally clever. 2.6 Normal distribution Normal distribution is a family of distributions that have the same general shape. They are symmetric with scores more concentrated in the middle than in the tails. Normal distributions are sometimes described as bell shaped. 2.7 Scatter diagrams The relationship between two variables can be shown through scatter diagrams. By using scatter diagrams, I am able to see the correlation clearly and state whether the variables have any sort of relationship together. However, this can be looked at in depth with spearmans rank correlation coefficient. 3. The reason of why I am using ever so many graphs/diagrams and charts is because I believe that you cannot display all of the information you want to display by using a single graph in this investigation. Further more, the more (appropriate) graphs/diagrams and charts I do, the more information Ill receive on the attendance of each year group. Also, I will be able to compare the results in a much better way and give a more specific answer towards the research. 4. Using all of these diagrams I will then compare all of the students attendance for each year. Then I will also analyse all of these graphs and diagrams and actually come to a conclusion that tells me all the information I need (e.g. which year group have the best attendance figures) for this investigation. 5. With this final conclusion I will compare it against my hypothesis and evaluate it to see whether it has any connections towards my hypotheses I worked out earlier. Finally, I will then state whether or not the final statement has anything to do with the hypotheses. Below is the secondary data Ive received of the attendance of the school according to each year.

Analytical Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analytical Framework - Essay Example The third component of analytical framework is the social assessment matrix model. Every component of the social assessment system is vital in identifying various aspects of articles. Posner develops an article that discusses the current issue within the US of treating financial consumers as consenting adults. Identifying whether Posner’s article meets the criteria of establishing social problems as well as solving them is only attainable through assessing the article using the various steps in social assessment process. The following is a step by step analysis of Posner’s article. Step-by-step analysis of Posner’s Article 1. Identification of the key social issues of interest to the business While conducting an article social assessment the first step is to identify some of the key social issues directly linked to the business, which the author has listed. In this step, all issues that affect operations of business are included while those that are too large or systematic for the business to cause a meaningful influence are excluded. Posner identifies varies social issues that directly affects operations of business. The first issue identified by Posner is consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is a vital concept in understanding how consumers purchase or consumer certain commodities. Posner’s identification of consumer behavior is based on financial products. ... Authenticity of articles is measured from the various sources of information that a researcher applied in compiling the information. Posner, in his attempt to develop an authentic, valid, and reliable article obtains data and information from different sources. For instance, Posner uses the Treasury Department as one of the source of information in developing the article. According to the author, Treasury Department’s assertion that there should be application of actual data about how people make financial decisions to develop oversight consumer finance is a vital source of information that helps in developing an authentic article. In addition, Posner uses utterances and assertions from, prominent persons such as Elizabeth Warren, Richard Thaler, and Robert Shiller. Other sources include previously done articles such as the Journal of Economic Perspective and National Bureau of Economic Research Paper. 3. Preliminary Classification and Prioritization of Issues This step requir es reducing the number of issues to manageable size. After identifying consumer behavior in respect to purchasing financial products as well as savings, Posner narrows down the discussion to consumers’ behavior towards purchasing financial products. Narrowing down to this social issue provides ample time and space to provide a critical evaluation of the same. 4. Measuring Current Performance Relative to Key Social Issues In attempts to solve problems or social issues identified, it is of significance when the researcher measures the current performance relative to the key social issues. While employing direct method of measurements, Posner identifies the fact that currently there has been poor consumption of financial product due to insufficient